The fuel rail receives the fuel from the fuel-supply system and distributes it to the fuel injectors.
The electronic throttle valve regulates the intake manifold cross-section.
The DC/DC converter delivers power to the 12 V vehicle boardnet by transforming power from a HV battery.
The wideband lambda sensor supplies current measured data from the exhaust tract.
The knock sensor identifies the high-frequency engine vibrations characteristic of knocking and transmits a signal to the ECU.
The electronic immobilizer secures the vehicle against theft.
The high-pressure sensor measures the fuel pressure in the high-pressure fuel rail of engines with gasoline direct injection (GDI).
Safe vehicles by professional systems engineering: From initial design to final validation
The particulate matter sensor is used to monitor the function of the diesel particle filter (DPF).